| Property | Specification |
| Appearance | Brown to dark brown, granular or powdered |
| Color | Ranges from light brown (light roast) to dark brown (dark roast) |
| Aroma | Strong, characteristic coffee scent with a range from fruity to nutty, depending on the roast |
| Taste | Bitter, slightly acidic with varying flavor profiles (e.g., fruity, chocolaty, nutty, spicy) |
| Texture | Fine or coarse ground (depending on grind size) |
| Density | 0.5 to 0.8 g/cm³ (depending on roast and grind size) |
| Solubility | Varies; instant coffee is highly soluble, while ground coffee requires brewing |
| Moisture Content | Typically 5% to 7% by weight |
| Grain Size | Ranges from very fine (espresso) to coarse (French press) |
| Particle Size Distribution | Generally between 0.1 mm to 5 mm (depending on grind size) |
| pH | 4.9 to 5.2 (slightly acidic) |
| Caffeine Content | Approximately 1-2% by weight (varies with type and roast) |
